Ingredient Substitutes
Find a substitute with sourced amounts, best uses and notes on what changes.
How we source this
Each swap is backed by at least two independent sources, including a test kitchen, university extension service or product maker. The amounts replace one unit of the original ingredient and do not work in reverse. See the full source list.
Dairy
Fats and oils
Baking
Sweeteners
Sauces and condiments
Citrus and vinegars
Wine and cooking wines
Broths and stocks
Aromatics
Spices
Other ingredients
Sources
- North Dakota State University Extension — Ingredient Substitutions (FN198, reviewed Jan. 2023)
- Purdue Extension — Substitutions and Equivalents in Food Ingredients (CFS-145-W)
- Land O'Lakes — Ingredients Substitutions (Kitchen Reference)
- Taste of Home — The Ultimate Guide to Baking Substitutes for Wet and Dry Ingredients
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension (food.unl.edu) — Basic Ingredient Substitutions (updated and reviewed 2026)
- Betty Crocker — Common Cooking and Baking Substitutions
- Hershey's — Common Baking Ingredient Substitutes
- Food Network — What Is the Best Butter Substitute?
- King Arthur Baking — How to bake dairy-free
- Food Network — Our Complete Guide to Dairy-Free Products and Substitutions
- King Arthur Baking — Buttermilk substitute: What to use
- America's Test Kitchen — 24 Substitutions for Common Ingredients You Might Need Someday
- Betty Crocker — How to Make Homemade Buttermilk: Easy Tips and Recipes
- Saskatchewan Health Authority (provincial government health agency, Canada) — Ingredient Substitutions (Food Mentoring Toolkit)
- Food Network — The Only List of Baking Substitutions You'll Ever Need
- Food Network — 3 Easy Ways To Make a Buttermilk Substitute
- Taste of Home — How to Make Buttermilk
- University of Illinois Extension — Substitutions for Common Ingredients (modified Dec 2024)
- Food Network — Ingredient Substitution Guide
- Taste of Home — 9 Substitutes for Heavy Cream: A Complete Guide
- Colorado State University Extension — Ingredient Substitutions (Fact Sheet 9.329)
- Mississippi State University Extension Service — Ingredient Substitutions and Equivalents (Publication 1690)
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension — Quick Ingredient Substitutions
- America's Test Kitchen (Cook's Country) — Canned Milk
- Food Network — The Very Best Milk Alternative for Dairy-Free Baking
- Taste of Home — 12 Milk Substitutes for Baking to Use in a Pinch
- King Arthur Baking — Non-dairy milk for baking: What’s the best choice?
- Food Network — The Best Evaporated Milk Substitutes To Use When You've Run Out
- Joy of Baking — Ingredient Substitution
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension (Lancaster County) — Ingredient Substitutions (Alice Henneman, 9/2010; PDF hosted by Virginia Tech Extension)
- King Arthur Baking — A guide to substituting eggs
- Tasting Table — The Absolute Best Half And Half Substitutes
- Utah State University Extension — List of Ingredient Substitutions for Cooking and Baking
- Tasting Table — 8 Best Shortening Substitutes For Baking
- L'Academie — Shortening substitutes
- Spatula Desserts — Substitute for vegetable oil in baking
- PureWow — Substitute for vegetable oil
- America's Test Kitchen — On-the-Fly Substitutions for 35 Common Ingredients
- University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension — Fat Substitution in Home Baking (B-990)
- Tasting Table — 7 Vegetable Oil Substitutes All Bakers Should Have
- King Arthur Baking — Gluten-Free Measure for Measure Flour
- Bob's Red Mill — Gluten Free 1-to-1 Baking Flour
- America's Test Kitchen — Whole-Wheat Flour Swap
- King Arthur Baking — How to substitute whole wheat for white flour in baking
- America's Test Kitchen — Cake Flour Substitute
- King Arthur Baking — How to make cake flour
- Chowhound — The Best Swap For Cake Flour In A Pinch
- University of California Cooperative Extension (San Joaquin County) — Ingredient Substitution (Nancy Feldman, April 2001)
- King Arthur Baking — Difference between baking soda and baking powder substitutions
- Betty Crocker — Best Substitute for Baking Powder
- WebMD — Baking Soda Versus Baking Powder
- America's Test Kitchen — Cornstarch substitutes you might already have in your kitchen
- Food Network — What's the Best Cornstarch Substitute?
- Food Network — Cream of Tartar Substitute
- Cook's Illustrated — The Importance of Cream of Tartar
- Ricardo — How to substitute cream of tartar
- The Spice House — Cream of Tartar Substitute
- King Arthur Baking — Active dry vs. instant yeast
- Red Star Yeast — Yeast Conversion Chart: Convert Fresh Cake Yeast to Dry Yeast
- Bob's Red Mill — Substituting Active Dry Yeast for Instant Yeast
- America's Test Kitchen — Yeast Types
- King Arthur Baking — What to bake if you run out of ingredients
- Healthline — Brown sugar substitutes
- Healthline — 5 Healthier Substitutes for Corn Syrup
- King Arthur Baking — Corn syrup in recipes
- King Arthur Baking — Light, dark, and blackstrap: Breaking down the different types of molasses
- Nielsen-Massey Vanillas — When to Use Vanilla Bean Paste vs Pure Vanilla Extract
- Food Network — Out of Vanilla Extract? Here Are the 8 Best Substitutes
- Food Network — Soy Sauce Substitutes
- PureWow — What's the Best Substitute for Soy Sauce?
- Cozymeal — Soy Sauce Substitutes
- WebstaurantStore — Soy Sauce Substitutes
- America's Test Kitchen — Smart Everyday Substitutions
- Insanely Good Recipes — Mirin Substitutes
- Fine Dining Lovers — What is mirin and how to substitute it
- Pantry & Larder — Mirin Substitutes
- Kikkoman — Mirin FAQ
- Pantry & Larder — Rice Vinegar Substitutes
- Healthline — Rice Vinegar Substitutes
- Insanely Good Recipes — Rice Vinegar Substitutes
- Medical News Today — Rice Vinegar Substitutes
- PureWow — What's the Best Substitute for Lemon Juice? We Have 7 Tasty Ideas
- True Citrus — The best substitute for lemon juice
- Medical News Today — Lemon juice substitute
- New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension — In a Pinch Ingredient Substitution (Guide E-131)
- Food Network — The 20 Ingredient Substitutions You Need to Memorize
- Mashed — Here's What You Can Substitute For Apple Cider Vinegar
- Pantry & Larder — Apple cider vinegar substitutes
- PureWow — Need a Substitute for White Wine? We Have 7 Stand-Ins That Will Do The Trick
- Chowhound — How To Substitute For White Wine When Cooking
- Healthline — Wine substitutes
- Tasting Table — 9 Red Wine Substitutes For Cooking That Are Alcohol-Free
- Red Gold — Out of Tomato Paste? Here Are the 7 Best Substitutes (and How to Use Them)
- The Takeout — What Are The Best Substitutes For Tomato Paste?
- Tasting Table — The 14 Absolute Best Tomato Paste Substitutes
- Tasting Table — This Common Condiment Can Replace Tomato Paste In The Right Dishes
- This Healthy Table — Chicken Broth Substitute
- Insanely Good Recipes — 14 Best Chicken Broth Substitutes & Swaps
- Better Than Bouillon — FAQs
- Pantry & Larder — Chicken Broth Substitutes
- This Healthy Table — Beef Broth Substitute
- Greedy Gourmet — Beef Broth Substitutes
- Feed Me Better — Beef Broth Substitute
- McCormick — FAQ Information
- Clean Green Simple — How Much Garlic Powder Equals One Clove
- Home-Ec 101 — Help! Can I Use Powdered Garlic Instead of Fresh
- Tasting Table — How Much Garlic Powder Do You Need For One Clove Of Garlic?
- Alphafoodie — How Much Minced Garlic Equals a Clove
- Insanely Good Recipes — 10 Best Substitutes for Garlic
- Tasting Table — 10 Garlic Substitutes That Taste Like The Real Thing
- Hungry Huy — Onion Substitutes
- L'Academie — Allspice Substitutes
- Silver Spoon — Allspice Substitutes
- Pantry & Larder — Allspice Substitutes
- McCormick — About Pumpkin Pie Spice: Uses, Pairings and Recipes
- The Spice House — The Best Pumpkin Pie Spice Substitute
- Food Network — The Best Substitutes for Sugar
- Hershey's Kitchens — 6 Sweet Sugar Substitutes for Baking
- King Arthur Baking — Baking with liquid sweeteners
- America's Test Kitchen / Cook's Illustrated — How to Substitute Sugars and Other Sweeteners
- Land O'Lakes — Common Baking Substitutions
- Taste of Home — 14 Butter Substitute Ideas for Baking and Cooking
- Ricardo — How to Substitute Butter in a Recipe
- Cook's Country — Cooking with Salted Butter
- Food Network — Swap School
- Taste of Home — Miracle Whip and Mayo: What's the Real Difference?
- America's Test Kitchen — How to Substitute Salt
- King Arthur Baking — Is there a best salt for baking?
- McCormick — What is Mace: Uses, Substitutes and Recipes
- The Spice House — Nutmeg Substitute
- Colorado State University Extension — Ingredient Substitutions
- America's Test Kitchen
- Food Network
- America's Test Kitchen
- King Arthur Baking
- King Arthur Baking
- King Arthur Baking
- America's Test Kitchen / Cook's Illustrated
- America's Test Kitchen
- America's Test Kitchen